The increased crackdown of the past decade on unsolicited migration in the Netherlands has not reduced the number of irregular entries. Subsequently the question is addressed how this process is related to, and interacts with, the context of Dutch migration policies. Three different types of interactions between the smuggler and the migrant are identified. But the relationship between the smugglers and the smuggled seems more diverse. The central questions are: to what extent do smugglers give direction to migration and how much autonomy do migrants themselves have in deciding where they want to travel? The common assumption is that smuggled migrants are recruited by criminals and have little to say within the migration process. This paper focuses on migrants who have been smuggled to the Netherlands from three regions: Iraq, Horn of Africa, and the former Soviet Union.
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